The idiom “one person’s trash is another person’s treasure,” rings true when dealing with collectibles – those seemingly innocuous objects for which people will pay good money. Interestingly, the value of these collections comes with tax consequences when you transfer them to the next generation, donate them or sell them at a profit. It is beneficial to explore the tax implications for these three ways of distributing collectibles.

Estate planning

Transfers of collectibles to family members or other loved ones, whether during life (gifts) or at death (bequests), may be subject to gift or estate tax if your estate is large enough. And you may be required to substantiate the value of the collectible.

For estate tax purposes, if an item, or a collection of similar items, is worth more than $3,000, a written appraisal by a qualified appraiser must accompany the estate tax return. Gifts or bequests of art valued at $50,000 or more will, upon audit, be referred to the IRS Art Advisory Panel.

Even if your estate is not large enough for gift and estate taxes to be a concern (or the federal gift and estate taxes are repealed, as has been proposed), it’s important to include all of your collectibles in your estate plan. Even an item with little monetary value may have strong sentimental value. Failing to provide for the disposition of collectibles can lead to hurt feelings, arguments among family members or even litigation.

Donations

If you want to donate a collectible, your tax deduction will likely depend both on its value and on the way in which the item will be used by the qualified charitable organization receiving it.

For you to deduct the fair market value of the collectible, the donation must meet what is known as the “related use” test. That is, the charity’s use of the donated item must be related to its mission. This probably would be the case if, for instance, you donated a collection of political memorabilia to a history museum that then puts it on display.

Conversely, if you donated the collection to a hospital, and it sold the collection, the donation likely would not meet the related-use test. Instead, your deduction typically would be limited to your basis.

There are a number of other rules that come into play when making donations of collectibles. For instance, the IRS generally requires a qualified appraisal if a deduction for donated property tops $5,000. In addition, you’ll need to attach Form 8283, “Noncash Charitable Contributions,” to your tax return. With larger deductions, additional documentation often is required.

Sales

The IRS views most collectibles, other than those held for sale by dealers, as capital assets. As a result, any gain on the sale of a collectible that you have held for more than one year generally is treated as a long-term capital gain.

While long-term capital gains on most types of assets are taxed at either 15% or 20%, capital gains on collectibles are taxed at 28% (or your ordinary-income rate, if lower). As with other short-term capital gains, the tax rate when you sell a collectible that you have held for one year or less typically will be your ordinary-income tax rate.

Determining the gain on a sale requires first determining your “basis” — generally, your cost to acquire the collectible. If you purchased it, your basis is the amount you paid for the item, including any brokers’ fees.

If you inherited the collectible, your basis is its fair market value at the time you inherited it. The fair market value can be determined in several ways, such as by an appraisal or through an analysis of the prices obtained in sales of similar items at about the same time.

Proper handling

The tax implications are difficult to sort out. Your tax advisor can help you determine how to properly handle these transactions.

Advanced estate planning strategies have long included the concept of parents gifting interests in family owned entities to their children using valuation discounts due to lack of marketability and control for those interests. Families whose estate values are in excess of the combined estate tax exemptions for a couple of $10.9 million for 2016 need to take note of recently issued proposed regulations that could significantly impact them.

Proposed Regulations Just Issued 

The Treasury (IRS) issued proposed regulations on August 4, 2016 that would eliminate valuation discounts. For those wanting to minimize their future estate tax, this could be critical.  Once the proposed regulations are effective, which could be as early as year-end, the ability to claim discounts might be substantially reduced or eliminated, thus curtailing your tax and asset protection planning flexibility. 
 
The proposed regulations could be changed and theoretically even derailed before they become effective. The more likely scenario, however, is that they will be finalized after public hearings and the ability to claim valuation discounts will be severely curtailed. 

What are Discounts Anyway?

Here’s a simple illustration of discounts: Bob has a $20M estate which includes a $10M family business. He gifts 40% of the business to a trust to grow the asset out of his estate. The gross value of the 40% business interest is $4M.  Since a minority 40% trust/shareholder cannot force a sale or redemption of its interest, the non-controlling interest in the business transferred to the trust is worth less than the pro-rata value of the underlying business. Thus, the value should be reduced to reflect the difficulty of marketing the non-controlling interest.  As a result, the value of the 40% business interest transferred to the trust might be appraised, net of discounts, at $2.4M. The discount has reduced the estate by $1.6M from this one simple transaction. 

What You Should Do

Contact your planning team to discuss your options. Your estate planning advisor can review strategic wealth transfer options that will maximize your benefit from discounts while still meeting your other planning and cash flow objectives.